沈迎++张瑞岩++沈卫峰

中图分类号:R5414文献标识码:A文章编号:1009_816X(2016)03_0169_03

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009_816x.2016.03.01

在当前临床心脏病领域中,双联抗血小板治疗(dual antiplatelet therapy,DAPT)已被广泛应用于稳定型缺血性心脏病、急性冠状动脉(冠脉)综合征、冠脉旁路移植术(CABG)后或接受经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)患者的管理[1~6]。DAPT旨在预防药物洗脱支架(drug_eluting stent,DES)植入后相关的局部血栓性并发症(支架血栓形成)以及降低全身性动脉粥样硬化-血栓事件(atherothrombotic events)的发生率[7,8]。DAPT通常是指阿司匹林联合应用一种P2Y12抑制剂(例如氯比格雷或替格瑞洛)。一般认为,冠心病患者(特别当合并急性冠脉综合征或接受基于植入DES的PCI后)均需长期(终身)服用阿司匹林。因此,有关DAPT问题的实质是P2Y12抑制剂的应用策略。

以往的欧美和我国PCI指南均推荐,不管何种临床状况,植入DES后均需应用DAPT至少12个月[4~6]。显然,这一DAPT推荐意见在急性冠脉综合征患者得到了随机对照试验和大规模观察性研究证据的支持,但在PCI领域,这一DAPT建议主要基于第一代DES临床试验的结果。最近5年来,DES的工艺得到明显地改进,第二代DES已普遍应用,同时也进行了多个与DAPT相关的大规模随机对照研究。大量的证据表明,与第一代DES相比,新型的DES(包括依维莫司或佐他莫司DES)的早期和(极)晚期支架血栓形成风险明显减低[9~11]。此外,对心肌梗死一年以上临床稳定的缺血性心脏病患者,延长DAPT的大规模随机对照试验结果也已公布[12,13]。基于这些证据,2016年3月29日,美国心脏病学会与美国心脏协会(ACC/AHA)对DAPT在预防,基于植入DES的PCI和心肌梗死一年以上的临床稳定的缺血性心脏病患者的血栓性并发症中的价值重新作了评估,制定了关于冠心病患者的DAPT指南,并在Circulation和JACC杂志上在线发布[14,15]。这也是对过去相关学术组织发布的6部指南中相关内容的更新。现将新版指南的更新要点介绍如下,以指导国内同行们的临床工作。

1、指南的更新主要限于冠心病患者的DAPT,即阿司匹林联合应用一种P2Y12抑制剂(例如氯比格雷或替格瑞洛)。

2、临床医生在给予阿司匹林联合P2Y12抑制剂强化抗血小板,以及延长这种DAPT时,要权衡缺血和出血风险,综合考虑风险/获益比、相关研究数据和患者的意愿。

3、无论是单独应用还是与P2Y12抑制剂联合应用,小剂量阿司匹林不仅出血风险降低,而且作用也不亚于大剂量阿司匹林。推荐阿司匹林每日剂量为81mg(范围75~100mg)。

4、临床稳定的冠心病患者DES植入后DAPT时,应至少给予6个月的氯吡格雷;裸支架(bare metal stent,BMS)植入后DAPT时,至少给予1个月的氯吡格雷治疗。

5、对于急性冠脉综合征患者,在置入DES或BMS后DAPT时,至少应给予12个月的P2Y12抑制剂(包括氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛)治疗(Ⅰ级)。

6、对于急性冠脉综合征患者,无论是置入支架后给予DAPT,还是仅接受药物治疗的非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE_ACS),优选应用替格瑞洛比选择氯吡格雷更为合理(Ⅱa级)。

7、对于正在接受DAPT的急性冠脉综合征患者,在接受CABG后,应继续接受P2Y12抑制剂治疗,以达到急性冠脉综合征发病后12个月DAPT。

8、对于正在接受DAPT并行静脉溶栓的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,P2Y12抑制剂(氯吡格雷)至少持续14天,理想情况下至少为12个月(Ⅰ级)。

9、在介入治疗后,BMS患者应将择期非心脏手术推迟在支架置入后30天,DES患者应推迟6个月。

10、如果患者在置入支架后,因必须行外科手术而停用DAPT中的P2Y12抑制剂时,指南推荐如可能还应持续应用阿司匹林,并在术后尽快恢复P2Y12抑制剂治疗(Ⅰ级)。

同时,新指南提出,对冠心病患者实施DAPT时,除了应用CHA2DS2_VASc和HAS_BLED对患者的出血风险进行评估外,还可根据年龄、某些临床因素和PCI特征等,计算DAPT记分(DAPT score),以指导DAPT的时程。年龄≥75岁:-2分;65~74岁:-1分;<65岁:0分;目前吸烟:1分;糖尿病:1分;心肌梗死:1分;以往PCI或心肌梗死:1分;支架直径<3mm:1分;紫杉醇洗脱支架:1分;慢性心力衰竭或射血分数<30%:2分;静脉桥血管PCI:2分。如记分≥2,则推荐延长DAPT[14]。目前,对植入生物可降解支架后,应用DAPT的时程尚需进一步研究[16]。此外,新指南不推荐常规应用血小板功能试验或基因测定,以指导P2Y12抑制剂治疗和改善预后,因为至今尚缺乏随机对照试验的证据。目前也无有关一种P2Y12抑制剂转为另一种P2Y12抑制剂的疗效和安全性的随机对照试验。应该指出,DAPT的应用时程还需密切结合每个病人的具体临床情况(例如糖尿病或/和慢性肾病、脑卒中史等)及冠脉病变严重性(例如左主干或分叉病变等)[11,17,18]。以往有DAPT消化道出血患者,推荐应用质子泵抑制剂(PPI),而消化道出血风险较低者,DAPT时不常规应用PPI[19]。需要抗凝的患者,应尽量缩短三联抗栓治疗时程,某些患者可考虑采用口服抗凝剂(例如华法令)联合氯比格雷治疗,并控制INR 2.0~2.5[20]。

总之,尽管ACC/AHA新指南并不能覆盖全部临床情形,但相信其对优化当前稳定性冠心病和急性冠脉综合征以及基于植入DES的PCI患者的DAPT具有重要的临床指导作用,值得国内同行们借鉴。

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